Cause and Effects of Working in High School Essay

Sally is a junior in high school; she works 38 hours, she’s engaged in sports, and is slipping from honor roll. Sally has no personal life due to the fact that she works a job while in high school. It’s a miracle she even gets her homework done sometimes. There are many teenagers in America that have experienced the negative effects from working while in high school such as, no social life, less time spent on homework, and diminished academic success. A personal life is imperative to have in high school; working a job while a high school student creates less time to have one. Some jobs put people on call, so students wouldn’t be able to make plans with their friends due to the fact that they don’t know when they could be called into work. Some jobs put student workers on call, while others just require them to work long hours. The long hours that students are working, make it so that a schedule looks something like: school, work, then home. They eventually will have no time for hanging out with their beloved friends because work consumed their lives. Getting a job in high school could ruin a teen’s personal life. One of the most time consuming things about school is the homework. If a student is willing to come home from work and stay up till 3am trying to get their homework and projects done then they should be fine with a job. But most students like precious sleep. Work would limit a student on the amount of time they had to complete their homework. And if a student doesn’t do their homework then they’re grades will drop. Slipping grades is a big issue for athletic students. If a student has an ‘F’ they become ineligible to play sports. A job would cause a student to fail to complete their homework. A job would eventually cause a student to lose focus on their academics. With already slipping grades, a student with become very unsuccessful with their academics. They’ll have to drop AP and ho nors classes, switch diplomas, and some students may possibly lose scholarships to their dream colleges. Their academic success will diminish with a job. Sally is a key example of a student who was once very excellent at school, but got a job and became below average. The negative effects that harm a high school student’s education are, no personal time, less time spent on homework, and academic struggle.

Plato, Aristotle and Descartes Essay

â€Å"We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light†, Plato said. Studying knowledge is something philosophers have been doing for as long as philosophy has been around. People always see just a part of things around the world. They need an open mind to understand more deep and wise into the world. It’s one of those perennial topics that philosophy has been refining since before the time of Plato. The discipline is known as epistemology which comes from two Greek words episteme which means knowledge and logos which means a word or reason. Epistemology literally means to reason about knowledge. Epistemologists study what makes up knowledge, what kinds of things can we know, what are the limits to what we can know, and even if it’s possible to actually know anything at all. In fact, people always see just a part of things around the world. They need an open mind to understand more deep and wise into the world. Plato becomes increasingly discourage by both the â€Å"mob† and the â€Å"elite†. The mob, represented by the jury at Socrates’ trial, was irrational and dangerous; it was swayed by sophistic appeals to emotion, not by reason. Plato concluded that most people are unfit by training and ability to make the difficult and necessary decision that would result in a just society. The average person lacks wisdom and self-restraint. As Plato saw things, most people make emotional responses based on desire and sentiment, rather than on rational consideration stemming from an objective view of what is genuinely good for the individual society. Socrates’s death, the revolt of the Thirty, sophistic abuses, and other factors convinced Plato that a corrupt state produces corrupt citizens. He thus attempted to develop a theory of knowledge that could refute sophistic skepticism and moral relativism. Plato believed that if he could identify and articulate the difference between mere opinion and genuine knowledge, it would then be possible to identify the structure of an ideal state based on knowledge and truth rather than the mere appearance of truth and personal whim. The allegory of the cave is an example for this from Plato. The prisoners (unable to turn their heads) would know nothing else but the shadows, and perceive this as their own reality. This is an important development to the story because it shows us that what we perceive as real from birth is completely false based on our imperfect interpretations of reality and Goodness. Plato expresses another of his favorite ideas: that education is not a process of putting knowledge into empty minds, but of making people realize that which they already know. This notion that truth is somehow embedded in our minds was also powerfully influential for many centuries. In Plato’s world, reality is not conceived through the senses, but rather intelligible truths of reality in the forms of ideas and figures, as opposed to the visible world. In The Allegory of the Cave, Plato describes the physical world as a â€Å"dark place† in which humans can only perceive objects through the senses. Plato referred to these objects as phenomena, or weak forms of reality. Thus, the physical world is not a realm where humans can obtain knowledge of true reality. Plato describes the process of acquiring knowledge from darkness to the light. In this journey, humans are able to see the essence of truth, or in other words, they are able to gain an understanding of what is actually real. This process, though painful and distressing, will at the end offer freedom and enlightenment to those who have acquire knowledge. Happiness is achieved by gaining an understanding of what is actually real. Because the philosopher has knowledge, his task is to descend to the cave to help as many people as possible to gain knowledge, or in other words, to learn the truth. This doesn’t convince me because science involves the pursuit of knowledge of general truths by using observation and systematic experimentation. However, Plato did not think a philosopher should use observation or empirical investigation in order to find truth. He believed only abstract thinking could lead to true knowledge. Plato said that the very essence of knowledge is unchanging. What is true is always true and he thought that knowledge is innate I agree about there are some absolute truth but I think we learn knowledge by experience not only by innate knowledge. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the most Influential ancient thinkers in a number of philosophical fields, including political theory. What Plato believed about reality was very different from Aristotle’s ideology. Aristotle objected to Plato’s view, arguing that one cannot know the type of interaction which is occurring between the two Forms. If the â€Å"real or ideal forms† are eternal, pure and unchanging then how do they relate to the material objections or Forms on earth with all their physical imperfections? This participation or imitation link between the real and the imaginary (which Plato claimed existed) is erroneous thinking as no one can has established such a link – real or otherwise. And even if a link is established it fails to explain all the Forms in the material world. At some point Plato fails to explain how this greater Form was controlled- how can Form control things? Was there energy in â€Å"Forms†? Aristotle argued that form can be distinguished from content only in thought and never in fact. Aristotle warned that we must take care not to mistake â€Å"intellectual analysis† for â€Å"ontological status†. Aristotle accused Plato of doing just that by imputing actual existence to the Forms. For Aristotle, form exists within the natural order embedded in particular things and cannot exist independently. How does this criticism support Aristotle’s own metaphysics? Aristotle brings to full maturity a second major expression of the search for the good life: attempting to acquire facts without bias and then using that information to make this a better world. Aristotle stands alone as an archetype of the philosophical naturalist. Basically Naturalism is the belief that reality consists of natural world. The Naturalist’s universe is ordered in that everything in it follows consistent and discoverable laws of nature; everything can be understood in terms of those fundamental laws. Nothing exists outside of space and time. Nature always acts with a purpose, and the key to understand anything lies in determining its essential purpose. Philosophical naturalist deny the existence of a separate supernatural order of reality. They believe that human beings, although special, are part of the natural order and behave according to fixed laws and principles. Thus a clear understanding of nature is necessary to any clear conception of human behavior. Ethics and political (social) science must be based on the actual facts of life, carefully observed and collected by a scientific method – not on speculative, otherworldly, rationalistic schemes. Aristotle based his philosophical positions on scrutiny of particular, actual things, not on the isolated contemplation of mathematical laws or pure ideas. Aristotle brings to full maturity a second major approach to the study of the good life: collecting facts and using factual information to make this a better world. Naturalism is the belief that reality consists of the natural world and that the universe is ordered. Everything follows consistent and discoverable laws of nature and can be described in terms of fundamental laws. Aristotle has a variety of views that range from nature to ethics and has unforgettable take on mathematics. He gives me the impression that the laws of nature are the boundaries in which we live and our meaning of life evolves around this boundary. I believe, there are some sort of absolute truths or knowledge but when we get knowledge we get most of knowledge through our experience. Descartes suggests the viewpoint that the human body and the human mind are two completely different things with different functions. The viewpoint is called Dualism, and holds that both the physical world and the immaterial world exist. Dualism is based on two substances, which are mind and matter. Descartes explained that these two does not necessarily need one another to exist. Descartes doubts everything he was taught to believe because it is human tendency to believe what is false. In the first, he claims that most of what he believes is from his senses and that those senses are sometimes deceived. He wasn’t uncomfortable with the idea that there isn’t universal knowledge. He was the first to argue that the mind is a non-material entity which is distinct and separate from the brain. He also identified the mind with concepts such as self-awareness and self-consciousness. He emphasized the sharp division between the mind and the body as the most basic fact of our human existence. In Descartes’ Dualism, the body is considered to be a material substance, and the mind is considered to be an immaterial one. He suggests that although these two things combine to make a human being, but these two parts exist in two separate worlds. The body exists in the physical world, where all the objects that we can see and touch exist. While the mind exists in a different world, an immaterial one, where we are not able to see or feel. Descartes establishes the Conceivability argument to support his viewpoint. â€Å"I think therefore I am,† the well-known quote of Rene Descartes, is the basis of his theory known as dualism. The intermingling of mind and body or extended substance and thinking substance display Descartes’ ideas of a â€Å"genuine human being†. Descartes’ idea of the body being totally independent of the mind is known as the mechanistic view. Descartes’s interest in the â€Å"thinking thing itself† was the first major step in a shift in emphasis in modern philosophy from metaphysics to epistemology. He recognized the need for orderly thinking, which he called method. He employed methodic doubt in his effort to find one absolute certain and undoubtable idea. Having found an undoubtable truth, Descartes tried to build a reliable foundation for knowledge on the innate idea of God. For Plato and Descartes mathematics becomes the blueprint for all knowledge. Mathematical knowledge remains true regardless of time, place and circumstances. This is unlike inductive knowledge or matters of fact whose truth depends on time, place and circumstances. On this basis Plato and Descartes reject our sense of sight, smell and touch as providing any source of reliable knowledge. Both Descartes and Plato would agree that true knowledge is a priori. Basically this means that knowledge is innate and therefore prior to experience. If we take this innate knowledge we can build or expand on it to discover what Plato and Descartes could classify as ‘ultimate’ truths. Knowledge is a root of many challenges we face in a given day. Once you get past basic survival (though even things as basic as finding enough food and shelter involves challenges related to knowledge), we’re confronted with knowledge issues on almost every front. Knowledge questions range from larger, more weighty questions like figuring out who our real friends are, what to do with our career, or how to spend our time, what politician to vote for, how to spend or invest our money, should we be religious or not, to more mundane ones like which gear to buy for our hobby, how to solve a dispute between the kids, where to go for dinner, or which book to read in your free time. We make knowledge decisions all day, every day and some of those decisions deeply impact our lives and the lives of those around us. I think I learned much more by these theory, do not say you know all the world, using our intelligent to understanding more about the world, and then do not stop doubting get make ourselves much more better in future. The knowledge is unlimited, so we could learn a lot every day, then using it for our own good and pass it out for our next generation because knowledge is never old or too much, it could use time by time and always work. People could say that some of the knowledge is too old for the present and they have been use times by times, and always work even though it from centuries. I think the world is big, get to know it will help us have a better look about everything. It is amazing that we could use our own sense to organize everything about our life and get experience by it. Doubting is as same as giving us a chance to understanding more about the world we are living in, than we have a courage to know about it much more better. Gaining more knowledge is never too much, getting it from our teacher; your friend is some of the simple ways to understanding more about our life in specific and the world in general. Work Cited . â€Å"Aristotle . † Internaet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. IEP , 21 2005. Web. 3 Nov 2012. Gill, N. S.. â€Å"Plato – Greek Philosopher. † Ancient / Classical History. About. com. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . â€Å"Greek Philosopher Plato. † AllAboutPhilosophy. org. AllAboutPhilosophy. org. Web. 3 Nov 2012 . â€Å"Plato. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Richard Kraut. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . â€Å"Plato. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Richard Kraut , 16 2011. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . â€Å"Plato. † Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. IEP, 9 2009. Web. 3 Nov 2012. Shields, Christopher. â€Å"Aristotle. † Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Christopher Shields, 25 2008. Web. 3 Nov 2012.

Organized Crime Essay

The times are definitely changing. As civilization progresses, human way of living also improves. Sadly, even the negative entities have progressed executing their evil ways; crime has come from petty to being organized. Of course, there are still those who commit crime in their own little ways, so to speak. But the world is now faced with international crime syndicates who operate or influence various institutions, government most especially, and which are harder to combat. There are different definitions for organized crime offered by different individuals or organizations. I have thought of organized crime as being operated by a group having some formal structure which aims to gain profit through illegal activities. Most organized crime syndicates use or threat to use violence, and influence government officials, with some even managing to become one, to control illegal economic sector or jurisdiction. Most of the time, organized crime hide beneath legal operations but gain more on their illegal operations, which includes, but not limited to, drug trafficking, prostitution, illegal gambling and human trafficking. Combating organized crime takes a lot more effort than with the petty everyday crime because of their manipulation of government officials. Some organized crime syndicates may also have the support of unwitting citizen, who are being deceived through the syndicate’s socially accepted operation. Organized crime is mainly different from other criminal groups in that while some groups are motivated by political ideals or religious beliefs, organized crime syndicates operate almost exclusively for profit. They enter the political arena to gain protection for their illegal activities and may raise a new cult to control and manipulate their jurisdiction. Just like any formal organizations, organized crime group have their own hierarchical structure; and just like any crime group, organized crime syndicates would readily resort to violence. There are specialized members doing specific jobs for their illegal operation, which as already specified, may include public officials to protect their business. Usually, higher rank members take care of business. Managing the business, finding new market, business negotiations, all tasks that are essential to the survival of a business just as if it were an ordinary legal business enterprise are some of the specifications of higher rank members. They may also be the ones who have connections within the government, or are government officials themselves. Lower rank members are the ones specified to perform the â€Å"dirty† jobs: murder, arson, or threatening those who oppose or which are dangerous to the group’s illegal operations. Organized crime syndicates also abhor other groups with the same operation. Operating chiefly for profit, they try to eliminate the competition as much as possible. Less competition means greater profit. Organized crime need not worry about losing business as they can always find patrons for the goods and services they render. In other words, organized crime businesses are always in demand. The text defines organized crime as a group of â€Å"three or more persons, with hierarchical links or personal relationships, which permit their leaders to earn profits or control territories or makets, internal or foreign, by means of violence, intimidation or corruption, both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate industry. Reading the text have offered new insights about organized crime but has not changed my perception, which were basically identical. In sum, an organized crime, as the term implies, is a group with a formal structure, just as any organization, that operates with specialized rules and regulations (organized) incorporating various illegal activities (crime) for the purpose of profit.

Property & Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Property & Law - Essay Example nstitutional arrangements by diminishing substantially the role played by the church (or religious institutions more broadly) in shaping human-to-human and human-to-nature interactions† (Norton & Bieri 4). As opposed to medieval scholars, the representatives of humanism studied not the God, but humans, their relations with other people, with the state and the society. Two main directions were developed in socio-political sciences. The first is theoretical justification of a necessity to replace feudal and class inequality with legal equality fixing the right for property ownership, personality protection from religious and feudal tyranny. The second was political ideology of the lower class, predecessor of working class, which was based on the ideas of Utopian socialism. The state submits to society, which in its turn submits to a personality. Only a part of the rights of a personality, which is defined by the attitude of a person to a property is transferred to e government: t he more property, the more political rights, but also the more obligations to the state, which is guarding this property. Failure to provide the abovementioned function makes the government illegal and provides the citizens with the right for opposition. The analysis of a problem of a personality, his/her valuable attitude towards the surrounding reality became the basic principle of scientific researches of this period. Renaissance was characterized by radical reorganization of socio-political and spiritual life. Political knowledge became an autonomous trend, political problems found comprehensive reflection in humanistic literature and caused shifts in the system of political and legal thinking. Integral rights of the personality, which can’t be transferred to the state, were also defined: the rights for life, freedom, equality, property ownership. By the right of property there are essential distinctions between the European and Anglo-American systems. The European system regulation

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) - Essay Example This, through my lasting experience and interaction with various GIS software, I believe can be achieved at relatively low cost than expected. Using the GIS information in transportation, I believe can be of great help to city planning and organization. In respect to this, I can assure you the effective use of the following GIS applications in doing the following activities with the aim of restoring order and cost in the city. The GIS tool can be used in spatial analysis to locate areas of preference for various development activities at relatively lower costs compared to the other software. High costs are often incurred while constructing bridges, railway lines and roads within the city and beyond, especially when other tools are used in designing these channels. However, using GIS, we can analysis the spatial characteristics of the regions to be bypassed by these projects for reduced cost of construction. For instance, it is easier to design the routes for road, railways and water pipes construction by developing different elevation models on the GIS software. Assessing and accurately analyzing this data can then help us in coming up with the correct route for construction with minimum costs involved. In order to illustrate this using an example, it is often very difficult to construct roads and railway lines where the process has to involve cutting through a mountain or in a region with rugged terrain. in such Cases, many culverts and bridges, have to be constructed as these increases the costs of construction. By overlaying the elevation data on the GIS software, we can easily locate the various points to be avoided by the project, calculate the relative distance and costs involved and compare the results for better decision making before the actual process. This aids in proper planning and management of funds are hence very

Should Middle School Students be Drug Tested Essay

Should Middle School Students be Drug Tested - Essay Example As the report highlights  the outcome of its adversity cannot be assessed at the initial stage of direct or indirect consumption of substance. But diagnosis at the earliest can minimize its catastrophic effects through awareness imparting process by which one can abstain from further abuse of drugs. Otherwise, it may generate several problems to the users, to their family and the community itself. Lack of mental stability and restlessness may lead into personality disintegration of the user and, therefore, they may fail to take right decision as per the demands of the life situations. One who frequently consumes drugs and substances like sedatives may lose control over his or her behavior and this may extend to become a social problem. Drug addiction among school children may badly reflect in their academic performance as well as their overall understanding, and may force them to be at a below average.According to the essay findings  the initial consumption and use of the drug ma y result in health problems like insomnia, excitement, gastrointestinal disturbance and psychomotor agitation and so on. Drug users and addicts usually deliver poor social responsibility, hesitate to cooperate with others, their intellectual levels may decrease day by day, they may feel inferiority complex, minimize sociability, and may express fear when facing others.  Drug testing among middle school students is not universally approved because school managements and parents usually give consent to do so but they may not bother about the misuse of medical examination without the readiness and willingness of the clients.

Internship paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Internship paper - Essay Example It is a work environment where any career hotel manager would desire to work in. Employees in all departments undertake their tasks separately and share information through a file named ‘HR file’ in the office network that is administered by the HR department. According to Haves & Ninemeir (2012), workplace ergonomics influence worker motivation and productivity. A good work environment has helped to maintain skilled and experienced staff in the organization. Teamwork is also a significant strategy that promotes employee productivity. There is a high level of teamwork among the employees who often assist each other despite everyone having enough work to do. By the smile on the faces of everyone that is maintained all along as they work, a high level of employee satisfaction is evident. Luo & Milne (2014) highlight the importance of employee satisfaction to an organization’s productivity. Happy employees demonstrate a strong drive to achieve in their respective roles. As much as an organization may be interested in making great profits, it is necessary to be people oriented to ensure that they own the organizational goals and hence work towards their accomplishment. The management at Hilton Hotel Jeddah understands that product superiority and profits come as a result of a competent and committed workforce and hence the application of people oriented strategies in the management of human resources. Mr. Jamar is the training manager and holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration. His decision to work in this field is because it fits his specialization. It is important to be engaged in a field where one is skilled for high productivity to be achieved. An education background in human resource management or psychology might be helpful in this field. It is also important to possess interpersonal skills to relate effectively with workmates and the management. The

The creation and consumption of Pornography objectifies women Research Paper

The creation and consumption of Pornography objectifies women - Research Paper Example To objectify means to present or regard as an object. While the pornographic industry has presented women as objects, it is equally guilty of degrading women and belittling their status in the eyes of men, especially those who are subscribers to pornographic magazines. Back in the days before pornography was so rampant, social attitudes towards sex were that it was a deeply personal subject and public displays and discussions about it were strictly taboo. Then came the Golden Age of Porn, a period lasting from the 1960s to the 1980s, in which there was a movement for sexual liberation following the Flower Power revolution. ‘Make Love, Not War’ was a popular message on T-Shirts from the Woodstock era. It opened the way to live-ins and the love-child. Opportunists like Hugh Hefner and Larry Flynt saw a quick and easy way to make big bucks out of the changing scenario. Playboy was launched in 1953 and Hustler in 1974, making both of them millionaires in the process. Although there have been efforts to suppress pornography and the victimization of women from many quarters, the foremost objections coming from religious leaders, feminists and moralists, the evolution of the Internet, the profusion of media types and the effects of pornography’s rich contribution to the media industry have been some of the reasons even the Government is reluctant to take steps to stop this billion dollar industry (Schlosser, ‘Reefer Madness’, 32). It has been estimated that on the average, 70 percent of men between the ages of 18 and 34 years visit a pornographic website, a store or a brothel in a typical month. The sad thing is that the profusion of pornographic sites on the Internet has brought this evil right into our homes without much public outcry at all. Try as we might, pornography will prevail. The outrage is that not only do pornographic magazines demean women, they also help create sex offenders and weirdos by

Response to quiz questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Response to quiz questions - Assignment Example As well, the signifier and the sign are continuously being used in our modern culture nowadays. Thus, the semiotic method can be used to examine popular culture by inquiring about the sign. The signs direct us to ask queries about its fundamental meaning, hence steering our attention to the system the sign fits and search for related signs that back up our primary hypothesis. Since all is connected, signs hint to one another thus enabling one to view the broad picture and how our culture is affected by them. In the American culture, vampires are so popular since they represent a sense of individuality, immorality, youth, eroticism and an outlaw hero. Thus, the semiotics assists us understand how vampires of in the present day are so popular (Maasik, and Solomon, 2). Typical stories at the origin of our life experience are termed as Myths. Additionally, myths are present in all literatures and cultures. However, myths are true stories founded on facts since all of us lives them at some level. In addition, myths connect and speaks to all of us. Some myths are true stories that achieve mythic importance since individuals involved appear superior to life and live their lives more forcefully than ordinary people. While others rotate around make-believe characters who have the potential of capsulizing for us our entire journeys. Additionally, some behaviours depicted by the make-believe might seem similar to characters we encountered in our dreams (Braumoeller, 23). In many hero stories, the hero is usually presented under ordinary circumstances, in a rational world doing ordinary things. Usually, the hero originates as a non-hero looking humble, young and simple however in the course of the story something different enters the hero’s life thus acting as a catalyser setting the story into motion. In many occasions, the hero is not willing to leave, thus termed as a reluctant hero who is uncertain,

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS - Essay Example ces on who gets a scarce treatment or immunization, who would get a transplant, and who has access to a provider in high demand raise various conflicts among the potential stakeholders. Hence, the law and ethics must come to application in solving stakeholders’ interests. They have different interests when there are resource allocation issues. For example, the patients seek to have the employer provide a wide variety of options for health coverage and fund their health insurance. The employers on the other hand seek maintain or lower the health cost contribution for the patients. Indeed, they are only ready to pay the patient’s most necessary health care. Furthermore, the health providers seek to provide preventive care and high quality health care that is mostly expensive and out of insurance cover. Health payers on the other hand seek to use few tests and fewest visits to obtain clear evidence and a diagnostic plan to achieve accurate treatment (Department of Communit y and Family Medicine, 2005). All these interests should fall in place during resources allocation. Indeed, while deciding on who would get a transplant, I will consider the serious of the disease, the costs involved, and the resources available. As such, the most serious cases with the least cost implication should get the transplant. At the same breath, the patients who are generally health should get scarce treatment or immunization. Nevertheless, all children should get the requisite immunization free of charge where possible. Additionally, no medication should apply to healthy persons despite their willingness to fund such treatment. Furthermore, it is ethical to accord children, patients with complicated and high incidence diseases access to a provider in high demand. Most importantly, in most cases, children patients should get the first priority while making health

My Victory Essay Example for Free

My Victory Essay Whats happening? I heard the soldiers crying. I didnt understand how everything went wrong. First we were happy Then we were sad. It was like a blossoming flower caught in a storm. The knocking in my head wouldnt end. Were we so stupid all along? This is what happened We are going to win this war! my regiment sang happily. This was exactly what my mum always wanted me to be independent, have a family of my own and fight for my country! She would be so proud of me. Even though shed passed away a while back, she could still see me from heaven which she used to call a special place. Time flew past as we were on our way to win the war. We began digging up the damp mud to build our trenches. Our feet were sinking into the soft surface of the mud. The time had slowed down. Throughout the day, the clock ticked slower as if it has completely stopped. Our brightness had faded away. Even the smiles on our faces were forgotten. What happened? We had thought that we would win, that this war would be a war to end all wars. We thought this would be the Great War. So what was going to happen? Nobody knew. I had that feeling, which felt like the END! That feeling is fear. I was frightened that I was going to die. I was frightened that we were going to lose. I was frightened that it would get worse. And it did get worse. The Germans began to fire. My fear came back. The captain ordered us to cross no mans land; he said we had no choice. This was it. My heart was pounding like the footsteps of a running horse. We started to cross no mans land. My feet were hurting from standing in the muddy trenches. The land was so empty and lonely. I was so stiff from the coldness of the wind, trying to walk on the mud and scared to death. At if I got shot? I thought. The Germans were firing all around us and I could hear the fast beat of my blood drumming through my ears. I was motionless, trying to think of what to do. But it was too hard. At once all I could think about was my mum. Her words went through my head one day, youll find your victory! Its inside you from then on I knew exactly what to do. I knew that I would find my victory. I didnt care if my body was in pain. My mind was strong and thats what mattered. I dodged the bullets and fought so hard, running and shooting the Germans. But suddenly I felt a pain, a bigger sharper pain than Ive had before. It was just above my stomach, in the middle. It hurt so much. The ripping feeling was an agony. I looked down and saw blood everywhere. Id been shot! As I through my feet forward to walk, I couldnt take any more of the tearing pain. Slowly, I dropped to the muddy ground. Blood was running down my hands. The incapable agony of the burning bullet got worse and worse but I was still alive. And then Flash! through my eyes! Something wonderful had happened. The pain flew away, along with my fear. Flash! again, but this time I saw my whole life in a flashback right before my own eyes! It felt incredible. Everything went dark. And suddenly I saw my mum. She was standing in a bright light like an angel. This wasnt a memory this was a real fantasy. Her eyes filled with happiness. Her tears rolled down her cheeks and dripped of her lips. She was happy, and so was I. I knew that I would never lose her. I knew I found my victory.

Alignment of HRM and Business strategies Essay Example for Free

Alignment of HRM and Business strategies Essay The essence of HR is very strategic and when properly aligned, HR contributes to a successful strategy and the financial underline. The alignment between HR and the strategy of an organization starts with a strategy-focused professional. Secondly, the HR system has to be created in alignment with the organization’s strategy. HR needs to ensure that employees are strategically focused (Becker Huselid, 2001). Every element of the HR function, from hiring, compensation, reviews, training, etc. , needs to be developed in order to enlarge the human capital in the organization. Once the gap is recognized, HR needs to measure itself to guide itself, and show what it’s worth as an ongoing strategic segment. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of HR strategic role expansion will prove itself to be worthy or not as a benefit to the bottom line. HR is viewed as the people department and/or resource. The organization’s people ultimately determine the effectiveness of strategy development, implementation, and subsequent competitive success. A strategic approach that is aligned with HR ensures that an organization’s employees, skills, and abilities contribute to the achievement of its business goals (Huselid, Jackson, Schuler, 1997). HR Data warehouse Selected Candidate will be responsible for design, implementation and systems expertise of the data warehouse components focusing primarily on business objects Xi. The scope of technical expertise includes design and development of BO reports, security set-up of medium to high complexity levels as well as the ability to coordinate projects with business personnel and other members of the project teams within the organization to ensure that system requirements, deadlines and priorities are clearly defined and achieved. HR Associate is the best HR related job opening I would prefer to apply in FORD Motor Group. I believe it is an incredible opportunity – a company in transformation can provide invaluable experience for human resources professionals. I also get to partner with the organization to build a skilled and motivated team and enabling them to perform at high levels. With exciting products, a long history and a bright future this job position will surely allow me to expand my professional horizons. An organization needs to acknowledge that HR is important to its business success. In order for HR to achieve this recognition, it must have the right people in place to carry out a strategic initiative. HR needs to define the competencies and skills that it will need to be a strategic contributor. Outstanding HR personal will need to build their business knowledge, financial skills, as well as consulting skills. Furthermore, HR personal will need to become technologically oriented, so they can be free from routine administrative work, as well as leverage information about the workforce. Enabled by technology, HR will be able to play a more strategic managerial role (Frangos, 2002). Advertise job positions in locations and forums with a widely diverse audience and readership. Opt for local and regional papers, magazines, trade publications and television. Recognize the cultures that may already be present in the workforce. Not confusing diversity with minority. Make sure to include everyone in my attempts to celebrate diversity. Network with various diverse organizations will provide with the opportunity to showcase the company and its diverse workers. Using such forums to emphasize the companys dedication to diversity will likely increase interest from diverse individuals.

The Life Of John C Calhoun History Essay

The Life Of John C Calhoun History Essay Throughout his lifetime, John Caldwell Calhoun achieved many different titles. He had experience as a statesman, a political philosopher, a secretary of war, a secretary of state, a member of the Senate, a member of Congress, the leading champion of Southern rights, and even Vice President of the United States (USGenWeb 1). No matter what position he held, his views and dreams for the South stayed consistent. During his career as vice president, he constantly pushed Jackson to help keep the South alive (Bartlett 26). Calhoun spent much of his life promoting growth of the South. John Calhoun was born on a South Carolina farm in 1782. His father, Patrick Calhoun, was a very religious man who treated his son very badly. He was a judge, owned countless slaves, and had also served in the South Carolina legislature (Capers 4). John, however, graduated from Yale in 1804 and studied law at Tapping Reeves in Litchfield, CN (Capers 9-11). In 1811, John married a distant cousin and had 9 children. Calhouns marriage brought him great fortune. As a result, Calhoun built a plantation called Fort Hill in 1825 (Bartlett 39). As time went by, Calhoun began involving himself with political philosophy, ideas, and business more often. He was later referred to as a thinking machine, always speaking in a very fast, serious manner (Niven 49). In 1808, John Calhoun was elected to the State legislature of South Carolina, beginning his career in politics. Two years later, he was elected to the Unites States House of Representatives. Henry Clay selected Calhoun to be the chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee. He, among others, strongly encouraged the War of 1812. Calhoun urged the House to build a strong army. Even after the war, his efforts towards achieving a stronger military continued (Niven 98). Over time, however, it seems as though the level of importance of a strong military in Calhouns mind decreased significantly. In 1846, John Calhoun refused to vote in favor of the declaration of war against Mexico. Eventually, the idea of peace entered Calhouns mind as right and therefore determined war as, in his words, a positive evil (Cralle 277). In 1817, Calhoun went into James Monroes Cabinet as a nationalist. In Monroes Cabinet, he was the secretary of state until 1825 (Capers 61). Calhoun later served as vice president to John Quinsy Adams from 1825 to 1829. He was later elected vice president again under Andrew Jackson (USGenWeb 1). Both of his terms as vice president to the Unites States is what he is best known as. During the time of Calhouns term as vice president to Andrew Jackson, the Nullification Crisis surfaced. This time period is directly linked to the Tariff of Abominations along with the resulting chaos that that followed (Bartlett 102). Calhoun wished to run for president after Jacksons term was over, but during Jacksons first term, he and Calhoun had many conflicts. Jackson was furious when he discovered that Calhoun had criticized his invasion of Florida in 1818. Also, John C. Calhoun had his thoughts and beliefs concerning the Tariff of Abominations expressed in The South Carolina Exposition and Protest. This was later referred to as Calhouns Exposition. Although Calhoun had written this document anonymously, the author of the document was still clear to many. In this document, Calhoun warned that if the Tariff of Abominations was not rejected, South Carolina would break away. It was also stated by Calhoun that if it was decided that a Federal document was unconstitutional, any st ate held the right to nullify the document. This idea was later named Calhouns Doctrine of nullification. Calhoun made a clear attempt to convince others that the Tariff of Abominations was a direct attack on the South (Niven 180-181). In 1832, Calhoun resigned as vice president and soon after got elected into the senate. He used this opportunity to defend South Carolina. In that same year, South Carolina announced that the Tariff of Abominations was null in void in that state. When the other Southern states did not follow South Carolinas example as originally planned, Henry Clay proposed a compromise designed to lower the tariffs over a long period of time (USGenWeb 1). While in the Senate during the 1830s, Calhoun began attacking abolitionists and demanding that revolts against slavery in the North be stopped. He also did not want abolitionist petitions to be acknowledged by Congress (Bartlett 210). John Calhoun defended both slavery and the South with all of his might. Calhoun was soon after known to be the most popular slavery defender by many people (Bartlett 235). Although he made his plans of being chosen to run in the presidential election in the letters he had written to his friends, few people expected Calhoun to carry out the attitude of a candidate (Bartlett 237). The closer it got to the presidential race, the more Calhoun would go out of his way to not only impress the people, but also to gain their respect. In one of his attempts, he became a member of the Irish Immigrant Society of New York. He did this as a way of expressing the pride that he felt for his heritage and his father who had been an Irish immigrant himself (Bartlett 238). This proved to win the attention of many working class citizens of New York. Calhoun declared his candidacy in 1843 but later withdrew from the race. Instead, he took on the role as secretary of state under John Tyler who only had one year before his term was completed (Niven 264). Congress had adopted Texas into the Union by 1844. As a direct result, the slavery area of the United States grew. This helped maintain the sectional balance within the Union (USGenWeb 1). By the following year, Calhoun had rejoined the Senate. During his time in the Senate, Calhoun had opposed the Wilmot Proviso after first opposing the war versus Mexico. The Wilmot Proviso had been created to prevent slavery from occurring within any territory taken from Mexico during the war. Calhoun knew that a war between America and Mexico was a bad idea. He feared that if a war was declared with Mexico, America would enter under the wrong circumstances (Bartlett 341). While in the Senate, Calhoun was successful in limiting the frequency of discussions held in Congress regarding slavery. Maintaining the same attitude towards slavery, when the Compromise of 1850 idea was introduced, Calhoun not only voted against it, but made it publicly known that he saw it as disgraceful (Niven 293). The Compromise of 1850 stated that Southerners rights to bring their slaves into other Union territories were not guaranteed. When the Compromise of 1850 was adopted, Calhoun was no longer alive. Calhoun appeared in Congress for the last time on the seventh of March. On that particular day, he listened to the sectional peace appeal made by Daniel Webster and approved. In the last month of his life, Calhoun had countless discussions with his fellow Southerners. He made his growing fear for the future of the South very clear. Nothing short of the terms I propose can settle it finally and permanently. Indeed, it is difficult to see how two peoples so different and hostile can exist together (Capers 252). On the night before his death, Calhoun said to his friends, If I had my health and strength to devote one more hour to my country in the Senate, I could do no more than in my whole life (Capers 253). Calhouns dedication to the Union was undeniably sincere. The countless efforts put forward, and the measures taken by Calhoun to support and protect the South are without a doubt deserving of respect. In Washington D.C, John Caldwell Calhoun was pronounced dead on March 31, 1850.

Mirror Dance :: essays research papers

Mirror Dance There are some paintings that simply capture the essence of life within their still frames such as the painting of the "Mirror Dance" in R.A. Salvatore’s novel Crystal Shard. The painting depicts two characters set in a darkened background. The faint light of the moon casts shadows down upon the grassy floor on which the sylvan warrior and human assassin battle. The glimmer of the moon reflects upon a small, nearby pool of water. A silver sparkle in the distance marks the nearby city of Silvery Moon. A sneer of hatred is etched upon the face of the human assassin. His eyes glimmer with a taint of red to depict his blazing internal rage. The clothing worn by the human is black as the night, much like the hooded garbs of ancient Japanese Ninja, the only hint of color coming from his weapons. One of his hands holds a vicious blade, blackened like the coal inside a fireplace. Small flecks of crimson blood decorate the tip of the blade, matching the fresh cut upon the arm of the elf. The legs of the human are crouched, as if he were ready any moment to leap savagely at his opponent. His secondary hand hosts a second blade, much smaller than the other sword, his hand holds the secondary blade inward, as if to flick it out at his adversary. The elven warrior casts an extremely different perspective upon the viewer. His eyes twinkle with the soft moonlight, and his smile welcomes the fierce battle. The warrior’s robes flutter in a soft breeze, shining in the glow of the night. Even with his arm bleeding red from a cut which must have been inflicted by the assassin, the warrior still maintains a look of regality. The crown adorning the top of his head, marks his royal heritage. The weapons commanded by the warrior seem to take on a life of their own, his sword dancing to meet the twin blades of the assassin while a radiance resonating from his shield, cast light upon the foe who prefers the stealth of night. Nature lies still for the battle between the two adversaries. The birds in flight, bend away from the loud clashing of swords, and the deer hide amongst the trees in the forest. The people of the distant town of Silvery Moon watch from their doorways, huddled close to keep the chill of the night from freezing their bones. They look upon the scene with deep interest, the smiles of the children obviously cast upon their elven hero.

Jane Eyre Essay -- Literature Writing Jane Eyre Papers

Jane Eyre       Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre can be linked to many fairy-tales. Some of these tales such as Charle’s Perrault’s Bluebeard, Arabian Nights, and many more are actually cited in the text. Others are alluded to through the events that take place in the story. Jane Eyre has often been viewed as a Cinderellatale for example. There is also another story, however, that though not mentioned directly, can definitely be linked to Bronte’s novel. This tale is none other than Beauty and the Beast, which was part of one of Perrault’s compilations. Bronte uses the ideas and themes of Beauty and the Beast to reveal the importance of inner beauty and to make a point that it’s what’s inside a person that counts. The beauty that can be found through outward appearance is superficial. A person’s inner beauty as shown through the relationship of Jane and Rochester can overcome society’s ideas of what constitute being beautiful. We know that Bronte was familiar with Perrault’s works because she explicitly refers to another of Perrault’s tales, Bluebeard when exploring Thornfield’s third story. Also there is another connection to Perrault. Elizabeth Imlay through her study of Jane Eyre and fairy tales unveiled a fascinating connection. She questioned the idea that Jane’s French teacher, Madame Pierrot could in fact be a reference to Perrault himself. Jane talks about a French storybook when attending Lowood. She says, "I examined, too, in thought, the possibility of my ever being able to translate currently a certain little French story--book which Madame Pierrot had that day shown me" (83; ch. 8). Imlay argues that, "The title of the little French story--book promised to Jane by Madame Pierrot is not revealed, although [. . .] Pie... ...auty is on the inside. She did not need to make Jane or Rochester beautiful in the end because that would defeat and contradict her purpose. Bronte uses the motifs in Beauty and the Beast and modifies them to help strengthen her views of the importance of inner beauty over outward appearance. As Jane mentions in the novel, "Most true is it that beauty is in the eye of the gazer" (177; ch.177).       Works Cited Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1996. Imlay, Elizabeth. Charlotte Bronte: and the Mysteries of Love. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989. LePrince de Beaumont, Jeanne-Marie. Beauty and the Beast. Ed. D.L. Ashliman. 6 October 2001. U of Pittsburgh. 1 March 2003 . Schwingen, Mary. "Fantasy, Realism, and Narrative in Jane Eyre and Alice in Wonderland." Victorian Web. May 1994. National U of Singapore. 2 March 2003.

Internet Shorthand :: Communication Language Computers Essays

Internet Shorthand Translate the following conversation, if you can: GUY1: wuz up? GUY2: nm, just chillin, u? GUY1: co’, btw did u hear about joe GUY2: no GUY1: imho, hes crazy :) he told julia that he wanted 2 8==D her @ the mall GUY2: roflmao! :) ur right, hes crazy GUY1: 4 real GUY2: hey, I g2g, ttyl GUY1: l8r Any guess on to what is going on? Well, I’ll go ahead and give you the basic rundown on what the conversation said: Guy1 was commenting on how is friend Joe asked a girl (Julia) if they could have consensual sex together in the local mall. Guy2 found this exchange very amusing, as he was â€Å"rolling on the floor laughing my ass off†. Furthermore, Guy1 also interjected his own personal opinion that Joe was/is crazy. Finally they agreed to converse at a later date. All that from 43 separate â€Å"symbols† and words. Welcome to the future. However, in my humble opinion, you can exchange the word ‘future’ with ‘hell’. The internet, chatting and the glut of instant messengers have helped create a subculture of the English langue that is starting to creep into everyday life. It’s a disturbing trend. I feel the line needs to be drawn between the fast flowing conversational style shorthand of internet writing and formal English style before the way we write as we know it makes a radical change towards simple pictures and codes. Maybe part of my opinion is based on spite: If I had to learn all the dos and don’ts of modern English, so should you. But I think it’s more then just that. I can see the writing on the wall and it’s not looking too bright. Dumbing down the language to simplest terms can be a very dangerous thing. Don’t believe me, flip through a copy of Orwell’s 1984 and you’ll see how Big Brother has developed a â€Å"plainspeak† directive. In fact, I’m not alone in this belief. In Sven Birket’s article â€Å"Into the Electronic Millennium† he discusses the devolution of modern language: â€Å"The complexity and distinctiveness of spoken and written expression, which are deeply bound to traditions of print literacy, will gradually be replaced by a more telegraphic sort of ‘plainspeak’† (70).

Pathophysiology Of Dvt Formation Health And Social Care Essay

DVT is the consequence of a figure of factors that include stasis of blood, endothelial hurt and hypercoagulability of blood. PE is a major complication of DVT and occurs when a thrombus or blood coagulum detaches itself and is carried by the blood watercourse to the lungs. [ J32 ] Proximal DVT carries a higher hazard of PE than distal DVT. [ J30, Havig ] We focused on proximal DVT because it is much more faithfully detected by echography and is considered to be clinically more of import. [ J53: 11,12, c„?eK list, c?Ya?‚c†?a†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ? ] DVT can happen in any venas. ( near cervix, etc. ) However, it is non including in this literature reappraisal becauseaˆÂ ¦ Upper limb DVT is being reported, peculiarly associated with cardinal venous catheters. ( K66, from J20:54 ) After a shot, blood coagulums can organize in the venas of the legs ( deep vena thrombosis, or DVT ) . These coagulums can interrupt off and be carried in the blood watercourse to the bosom and lungs ( doing pneumonic intercalation ) . This can be life endangering. [ J30 ] Deep venous thrombosis may take to pneumonic emboli, a frequent cause of evitable deceases. [ K52, from J53:1 ]Virchow ‘s threeThe pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DVT include venous stasis and hypercoagulability linked to an addition in thrombin formation and thrombocyte hyperactivity ( Virchow 1858 ) . [ J30 ] The happening of one or more factors of Virchow ‘s three ( stasis of blood, endothelial hurt and hypercoagulability of blood ) in the venous system frequently leads to deep vena thrombosis ( DVT ) ( Virchow 1858 ) . [ J18 ] DVT = PE = ( a ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡e ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °?PEcs„incidence & A ; mortality rate ( acute + Rehab ) J43 P263 have ) Lower appendage DVT can be anatomically be divided into proximal DVT affecting the popliteal vena and proximal venas or distal DVT affecting the calf vena and distal venas. [ J59 ] DVT in the paralytic legs of patients with shot was reported every bit early as 1810 by Ferriar and once more by Lobstein in 1833. [ J45 ]Pathophysiology of DVT formationHarmonizing to the Medsurg, Venous return is aided by the calf musculus pump. When the legs are inactive or the pump is uneffective, blood pools by gravitation in the venas. Thrombus development is a local procedure. It begins by thrombocyte attachment to the endothelium. Several factors promote thrombocyte collection, including thrombin, fibrin, activated factor X, and catecholamines. In add-on, where the thrombocytes adhere to collagen, adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) is released. ADP is besides released from the damaged tissues and disrupted thrombocytes. ADP produces thrombocyte collection that consequences in a thrombocyte stopper. Deep vena thrombi vary from 1mm in diameter to hanker cannular multitudes registering chief venas. Small thrombi are found normally in the pocket of deep vena valves. As thrombi become larger in diameter and length, they obstruct the venas, the ensuing inflammatory procedure can destruct the valves of the venas ; therefore ; venous inadequacy and postphlebitic syndrome are initiated. Newly formed thrombi may go pneumonic emboli. Probably 24 to 48 hours after formation, thrombi undergo lysis or go organized and adhere to the vas wall. Lysis diminishes the hazard of embolization. Pulmonary emboli, most of which start as thrombi in the big deep venas of the leg, are an ague and potentially deadly complication of DVT. Venous thrombosis is the procedure of coagulum ( thrombus ) formation within venas. Although this can happen in any venous system, the prevailing clinical events occur in the vass of the leg, giving rise to deep vena thrombosis, or in the lungs, ensuing in a pneumonic embolus ( PE ) . [ J56 ] In fact, approximately 90 % of DVT are of the go uping type. The possible for intercalation depends on the velocity and the extent of the moral force, go uping coagulum turning procedure. Almost all clinical PE originate from distal DVT. Merely the staying 10 % are derived from coagulums without connexion to the lower leg venas ( e.g. stray iliac vena thrombosis, transfascial great or little saphenous vena thrombosis, subclavian vena thrombosis, or catheter-related thrombosis ) . [ J58 ] Damage to the epithelial cell liner of the blood vas is one of the extrinsic factors triping the curdling cascade. The damaged endothelium efforts to keep vascular unity by adhesion and collection of thrombocytes. As the coagulating cascade continues, the concluding measure is the formation of thrombin, which leads to the transition of factor I to fibrin and the formation of a fibrin coagulum. ( Arcangelo & A ; Peterson, 2006 ) ( from K84, J40: Arcangelo ) Abnormal blood coagulums that adhere to the vas wall are known as thrombi. These are composed of blood cells, thrombocytes, and fibrin. Arterial thrombi are composed chiefly of thrombocyte sums and fibrin. Venous thrombi are composed of chiefly ruddy blood cells. The difference in composing is caused by the conditions in which the thrombus signifiers. In the arteria, the blood flow is high in comparing with the low flow conditions in the vena. The thrombus may go big plenty to interfere with blood flow within the vena or arteria. ( Mansen & A ; McCance, 2002 ) ( from K85, J40: Mansen ) If the thrombus detaches from the vas wall, it becomes an embolus. This nomadic coagulum travels thought the circulation until it lodges in a blood vas that is smaller than the coagulum. Distal to this point, blood flow is blocked and tissues or variety meats are deprived of O and nutrition. ( Mansen & A ; McCance, 2002 ) . The marks and symptoms associated with an embolus depend on the vena or arteria where Thursday coagulum becomes lodged. ( from K85, J40: Mansen ) In 1856, Virchow described the factors that predispose to venous thrombosis, including stasis, vascular harm, and hypercoagulability. These three factors are referred to as Virchow ‘s three. Stasis of blood may happen because of stationariness, age, fleshiness, or disease procedures. Trauma ( including surgery ) , endovenous ( IV ) canulation, medicines, and toxins are some of the many beginnings that may precipitate vascular harm. Hypercoagulability of the blood may be caused by assorted disease procedures and medicines. ( Mansen & A ; McCance, 2002 ) ( from K85, J40: Mansen )Why focal point on DVT instead than PE and VTE?A high proportion of patients with DVT besides have subclinical PE. [ K15, from J45:14 ] Most of the PE consequences from DVT ( delight happen literature to support ) Since lower limb DVT is the major beginning of PE, and the feature of prolong bed remainder of shot, this literature reappraisal will chiefly concentrate on the DVT at lower limbs. Approximately two tierces of these are below-knee DVTs, in contrast to unselected ( nonstroke ) patients showing with diagnostic DVT, in whom the bulk are proximal. [ J43 ] Most surveies show that PE seems to be much more common in patients with proximal and diagnostic DVT. [ K41, from J46:1 ] Clinical symptoms of DVT were developed by six patients ( oedema or hurting of the lower appendage, no instances of PE ) . ( out of 28, =21.4 % ) ( J48 ‘s consequence )Why shot patient easy to hold DVTThe general shot population is at hazard for DVT because of the undermentioned factors. First, there is an change in blood flow due to failing in the lower limb and a ensuing hypercoagulable province related to alterations in the blood. Second, vessel wall intimal hurt occurs related to alterations in blood and blood flow. Stroke patients may besides hold similar symptoms associated with DVT, such as swelling and Homan ‘s mark, that may be misinterpreted as being related to the shot. [ J50 ] Stroke patients are frequently bed-ridden, particularly during the acute stage, because of paresis. [ J50 ] Most of the shot patients are aged. ( age & gt ; ) , while aging is a important factors of the happening of DVT. Patients with shot are at peculiar hazard for developing deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) and pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) because of limb palsy, prolonged bed remainder, and increased prothrombotic activity. [ J45 ( besides codification at J51 ) ] Sioson et Al. [ 46 ] reported 19 DVT events in the paretic limb, nine bilateral events and four contralateral in 32 patients prospectively followed. ( K49 from J46:46 )Why of import to forestallWHO estimates that 15 million people have a shot every twelvemonth, and this figure is lifting. ( K91, from J39:2 ) Venous thromboembolism is a common but preventable complication of acute ischemic shot, and is associated with increased mortality and long-run morbidity and significant health-care costs for its direction. ( K92, from J39:6 ) Without venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, up to 75 % of patients with unilateral paralysis after shot develop deep vena thrombosis and 20 % develop pneumonic intercalation, ( K93, from J39:8 ) which is fatal in 1-2 % of patients with acute ischemic shot and causes up to 25 % of early deceases after shots. ( K94, from J39:9 ) low molecular weight Lipo-Hepin and unfractionated Lipo-Hepin are hence recommended in guidelines from adept consensus groups.10-14 ( K95, from J39:10-14 ) The best intervention for VTE is bar. [ J34 ] Cause preventable decease [ J06 ] Deep venous thromboembolism ( DVT ) is an of import wellness issue in the hospitalized patients that leads to increased length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. [ J50 ] Early sensing of DVT is of import because of the hazard of pneumonic intercalation and its potentially fatal effects. However, it is good known that clinical characteristics of DVT and PE are notoriously nonspecific. [ J09 ] Despite betterments in bar ( SPARCL 2006 ) , small advancement has been made in handling shot with specific intercessions once it has occurred. ( K72, from J44 ) the happening of venous thromboembolism was about double higher in patients with an NIHSS mark of 14 or more than in those with a mark less than 14 ( in line with old studies25 ) ( K99, from J39:25 + J39self ) Patients with intracerebral bleeding ( ICH ) or ischaemic shot are at high hazard for development of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) . ( K103, from J29:1 ) In comparing to patients with ischaemic shot, the hazard for VTE is higher in the haemorrhagic shot population. ( K104, from J29:2 ) Without preventive steps, 53 % and 16 % of immobilized patients develop deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) or pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) , severally, in this population. ( K105, from J29:3 ) One survey detected DVT in 40 % of patients with ICH within 2 hebdomads and 1.9 % of those patients had a PE.4 ( K106, from J29:4 ) Development of VTE in the patient with ICH adds farther damaging complications to an already deadly disease with a 1-month case-fatality rate of 35 % to 52 % .5 ( K107, from J29:5 ) DVT besides prolongs the length of infirmary corsets, holds rehabilitation plans, and introduces a possible hazard for PE. ( K108, from J29:6 ) DVT prolongs hospitalization and additions health care costs. [ J01 ] DVT is the pathophysiological precursor of pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) . However, half of the DVT instances were symptomless. [ J01, K1 from J37:18, J37, J27 ] . Approximately one tierce of patients with diagnostic venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) manifest pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) , whereas two tierces manifest deep vena thrombosis ( DVT ) entirely. Furthermore, decease occurs in 6 % of DVT instances and 12 % of PE instances within 1 month of diagnosing. [ J46, J27 ] Clinically evident DVT was reported in 1.7 % to 5.0 % of patients with shot. Subclinical DVT occurred in 28 % to 73 % of patients with shot, normally in the paralytic limb. [ J45 ] The frequence of symptomless PE in patients with DVT to be 40 % . [ J50 ] Prevention of VTE is extremely effectual in take downing the morbidity and mortality rate of shot patients since PE histories for up to 25 % of post-stroke early deceases. [ J43 ] Boundaries JV, Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Okazaki H: Mechanisms and timing of deceases from intellectual infarction. Stroke 1981, 12:474-477.The rate of PE is likely to be underestimated because they are non routinely screened for, and necropsies are seldom performed. Fifty per centum of patients who die following an acute shot showed grounds of PE on necropsy. [ K68, from J13:7 ] The one-year incidence of DVT in the general population is estimated to be about 1 per 1000 ( 8 ) , nevertheless, it should be noted that much of the published informations are derived from patients who present with symptoms at medical establishments. Diagnosis of DVT has traditionally been based on clinical presentation, nevertheless, grounds from post-mortem surveies indicates that a significant proportion of VTE instances are symptomless. [ K10 from J55 ] Clinically evident DVT confirmed on probe is less common but DVTs may non be recognised and may still do of import complications. Pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) is an of import cause of preventable decease after shot [ K67, from J13:4 ]

ICRC and onternational law Essay

The ICRC started when Swiss businessman Henri Dunant traveled to Italy to meet with Emperor Napoleon III of France . Before he reached Napoleon he first passed through the town of Solferino where a battle was fought. On that day over 40,000 soliders on both sides fell; many were left to die on the battlefield without adequate care. Henry Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle. Instead of proceeding with his planned trip he spent the next few days tending to the wounded. Through his example, the local population began to administer aid without discrimination. When he returned home, he wrote a book called A Memory of Solferino. He sent copies of the book to political and military leaders throughout Europe . He advocated the formation of a national voluntary relief organization to help nurse the wounded and for the development of international treaties to safeguard the neutrality and protect those wounded on the battlefield. By February 9, 1863, Henry Dunant founded the Committee of the Five as an investigatory commission of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare. Their aim was to examine the feasibility of Dunant’s ideas and to organize an international conference about their possible implementation. In October 26, 1863, the international conference organized by the Committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield. A conference attended by many European states resolved the following: The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers. Neutrality and protection for those wounded. Utilizing volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield. The organization of additional conferences to enact these concepts in legally binding international treaties. The introduction of a common distinctive protective symbol for medical personnel in the field, specifically a white armlet bearing the red cross. Within a year, specific grounds were developed for the recognition of a national relief society by the International Committee; namely: The national society must be recognized by its own national government as a relief society according to the convention, and the national government of the respective country must be a state party to the Geneva Convention. The Commission’s first great achievement occurred on 22 August 1864 when the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention â€Å"for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in the Armies in the field. † A total of four Geneva Conventions have been passed since then. With successive conventions aimed an improving or updating previous conventions to ensure that they are up to date with current technology and norms. Today there are 185 national Red Cross societies and over 1,330 employees directly under the ICRC assigned to field operations. All thanks to the initiative of one man. III. ICRC as a Driving Force in IHL The ICRC draws its authority to act principally from the Geneva Conventions and their additional protocols. The Geneva Conventions from the First to the Fourth are the primary international treaties that limit the cruelty of war. They are meant to protect people who do not take part in the fighting, such as civilians, medics and aid workers. They also protect hors de combat or those who no longer have the means to continue fighting such as the wounded, sick, shipwrecked or those who have surrendered. The Geneva Conventions have been acceded to by 194 States and enjoy universal acceptance as a form of custom. The Geneva Conventions then are the primary documents governing International Humanitarian Law and the main overseer of International Humanitarian Law is the ICRC. However, the provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of civilian persons and for their relief[2]. Article 10 is of considerable value in the field of international law because faced with the barbaric reality of war, the law continues to be realistic and humane. It keeps in mind the object of the Convention, namely the protection of human life and peace between man and man, conscious that it is only a means. (a ridiculously weak means compared to the forces of war) of attaining this goal. When everything has been settled by legal means –ordinary and extraordinary—by assigning rights and duties, by obligations laid upon the belligerents and by the mission of the protecting powers, a corner was still found for something which no legal text can prescribe. However this niche was the most effective means of combating war. That niche is charity or the spirit of peace. This is where Article 10’s symbolic value can be seen. Through it, Henry Dunant’s action on the field of battle in Solferino. Article 10 is more than a tribute to Henry Dunant. It is an invitation to all men of good will to continue his work[3]. In order for the ICRC and subordinate National Commissions to effectively perform their role, members are granted considerable rights and privileges. For example, all Red Cross members have the right to wear the Red Cross, (or crescent in Muslim States). Wearing this mark affords immunity, for all practical purposes from violence by the combatants because, as outlined in Additional Protocol No. 1 of the Geneva Conventions[4] the Red Cross is the mark associating a vehicle, person or building with the ICRC and is sacrosanct and protected[5]. However, any use not expressly authorized by International Humanitarian Law constitutes misuse of the emblem and releases combatants from the obligation to respect the symbol. The types of misuse are Imitation, Usurpation and Perfidy. In fact, Improper use of distinctive emblems in a war crime committed when, in an international armed conflict, an intent to use them for combatant purposes prohibited under international law[6]. Owing to the ICRC’s unique position as the actual commission that proposes and puts forth the Geneva Conventions and other major IHL documents, it can be said that ICRC is the Organization that created IHL. The latter will of course continue to develop as time goes by. Other documents of international law respecting human rights and with respect to international crimes have evolved since then. But International Humanitarian Law began with Henry Dunant and his desire to help the wounded in Solferino.

Essay for Toyota’Human Resource Management

List of abbreviation There are some common words which often appear in this report will use the abbreviation to reduce the repeating of words through the report. Toyota Motor CompanyTMC Human resource managementHRM Human Resource HR Total Quality Management TQM Toyota Management Principles TMP Financial Year FY Research and Development R&DThe United States U. S Abstract: Toyota Motor Company is the one of world's leading automotive companies and is a global benchmark for quality and continuous improvement. However, in recent years, they faced a recall crisis unlike any they had seen before. Mr. Akio Toyoda, Toyota's president and grandson of the founder, was called to testify before the U. S. House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform about the company's response to the recall (Greto et al, 2010).Many researchers analysed Toyota’ problems and pointed out several causes for this situation such as Toyota production system’s problem, quality mana gement, and human resource management and so on. This report will focus on human resource management problems in this case, based on information from media and theories of human resource management such as human resource strategy, employee development and career management, performance development, and compensation and etc ; the report will then give not only a conclusion but also recommendations with regard to Toyota’s situation. I.Introduction: I. Toyota’s overview: Kiichiro Toyoda founded Toyota Motor Corporation in 1937 as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries. The Type A engine was created in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation group companies are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino Motors, along with several â€Å"non-automotive† companies. The numbers of employees worldwide including consolidated and non-consolidated are 386. 841 in 31 March 2011.The company produced more than 7. 000. 000 vehicles per year both inside and outside Japan from 2009. As of the end of March 2011, Toyota businesses worldwide consist of 50 overseas manufacturing companies in 26 countries and regions. Toyota's vehicles are sold in more than 170 countries and regions (Toyota Annual Report, 2009) Katsuaki Watanabe, President of Toyota, had famous words: We are doing the same thing we always did; we are consistent. There’s no genius in our company. We just do whatever we believe is right, trying every day to improve every little bit and piece.But when 70 years of very small improvements accumulate, they become a revolution There are some business results, production and sales results in consolidated basis market Table 1 : Business results (2009_2011) | FY 2009 (April 2008 to March 2009)| FY 2010 (April 2009 to March 2010)| FY 2011 (April 2010 to March 2011)| Sales*1| 20,529. 5| 18, 950. 9| 18,993. 6| Operating income*1| -461| 147. 5| 468. 2| Net income*1| -436. 9| 209. 4| 408. 1| Capital Expenditures*1*2| 1302. 5| 579. 0| 642. 3| R;D*1| 904. 0| 725. 3| 730. 3| Number of consolidated subsidiaries| 529| 522| 511| No. of Affil.Accounted for Under the Equity Method| 56| 56| 56| (unit = 1 billion yen or 1 company) *1 Monetary figures rounded down to the nearest 100 million yen *2 Figures for depreciation expenses and capital expenditures do not include vehicles in operating lease * Table 2 : Production results | FY 2009 (April 2008 to March 2009)| FY 2010 (April 2009 to March 2010)| FY 2011 (April 2010 to March 2011)| Vehicles| Japan| 4,255,000| 3,956,000| 3,721,000| | Overseas| 2,796,000| 2,853,000| 3,448,000| | Total| 7,051,000| 6,809,000| 7,169,000| * Table 3 : Sales results | FY 2009 (April 2008 to March 2009)| FY 2010 April 2009 to March 2010)| FY 2011 (April 2010 to March 2011)| Vehicles| Japan| 1,945,000| 2,163,000| 1,913,000| | Overseas| 5,622,000| 5,074,00 0| 5,395,000| | Total| 7,567,000| 7,237,000| 7,308,000| Homes| 5,442| 5,281| 5,157| (Source: http://www. toyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) II. Toyota’s problems in recent years: In late 2009, Toyota became the subject of media and U. S. government scrutiny after multiple deaths and injuries were attributed to accidents resulting from the unintended and uncontrolled acceleration of its cars. According to Smith (2012), despite Toyota's voluntary recall of 4. million vehicles for floor mats that could jam the accelerator pedal and a later recall to increase the space between the gas pedal and the floor, the company insisted there was no underlying defect and defended itself against media reports and regulatory statements that said otherwise. As the crisis escalated, Toyota was further criticized for its unwillingness to share information from its data recorders about possible problems with electronic throttle controls and sticky accelerator pedals, as well as braking problems with the production system. Cole said that â€Å"†¦ y the time Toyota Motor Company president Akio Toyoda apologized in his testimony to the U. S. Congress, Toyota's stock price had declined, in just over a month, by 20 percent-a $35 billion loss of market value† (2011, p3) Furthermore, Toyota in Australia revealed that it was halving production at its Altona plant in Melbourne, citing components shortages resulting from Japan’s earthquake and tsunami. The company announced that for the next two months, its 3,000 Australian workers would receive only 75 percent of their wages, operating on half shifts, and that it would review its production schedules in June of 2011 (Marshall, 2011)II. Methodology: The methodology used to make this report is data collection and analysis from two sources including sources of Toyota’s issue from the Internet, Toyota Motor Corporation’s Website, magazines, journal articles and academic materials such as books , lectures and etc. After collecting, those data have analysing about Toyota’s issues. Besides, the data collects the commentary from authors and experts about issues of Toyota and its HRM in order to observe those issues in many sides of views, especially in human resource views.The sources of case study also comes from magazines and news from quality source such as the New York Times, Human Resource Management Magazine, Harvard Business Publishing, Human Capital Online Magazine, and other HR magazines in order to guarantees the quality of the data. Finally, both HR theories and practice were compared in order to give recommendations and conclusions in this issue. III. Analysis about Human Resource Management of Toyota 1. Toyota human resource management views and practice:Toyota is known for many world class products and quality initiatives that include the famous Toyota production system that later became popular as JIT (just-in-time inventory). Toyota maintains a high pro file in its HRM policies and practices too (Smith, 2008). The global vision in human resource management in Toyota Motor Company (TMC) is create working environments for various employees to work proudly and with loyalty and confidence in fulfilling their potential, which realize their self- growth (Akio, 2005).The company focus on relationship with their employees based on basic principles of human resource management including creating a workplace environment where employees can work with their trust in the company; creating a mechanism for promoting constant and voluntary initiatives in continuous improvements; fully committed and thorough human resources development; and promoting teamwork aimed at pursuit of individual roles and optimization of the entire team (Toyota ‘s sustainability report, 1998).According to Ian Winfied, Professor of university of Derby in UK, said that human resource practices of Toyota’s company can serve as a model, particularly in manufactu ring and production oriented organizations. Toyota’s HRM framework broadly comprises of four goals including four goal follow: a) The goal of organizational integration: The integration of employees at individual and collective level with organization is seen as the primary goal of Toyota HRM strategy. This goal has been achieved through extensive use of teams that are subordinate to organizational goals.Welfare of employees also received wide attention as a part of this goal (Toyota global overview, 1998) b) The goal of commitment. In order to achieve this goal, a two-pronged strategy was followed. Firstly, Toyota preferred a semi-rural workforce for induction in their plants. They believe that people who are not contaminated by industrial culture and influences tend to retain with them a kind of feudal value of loyalty, which can be converted into organizational commitment.Secondly, measures such as suggestion schemes, quality circles and employee involvement methods are us ed to gain commitment. (Toyota global overview, 1998) c) The goal of flexibility and adaptability. Team authority in place of single individual holding all the powers has paved the way for realizing flexibility in the organization. These teams are task-based and can be dismantled or restructured, depending upon the situation. The adaptability trait is institutionalized through the approach of multi-skilling and job rotations. Toyota global overview, 1998) d) The goal of quality. Self, peer and teams surveillance techniques are used to ensure quality of products. Further, a series of measures employed, such as time and motion study, benchmarking, continuous process improvement and employee involvement contributed in the achievement of this goal (Toyota global overview, 1998) In addition, Toyota has recomposed the aforementioned four HRM goals into 17 specific practices.These 17 practices are classified into production practices and employment practices. The production practices are: JIT, Kanban, Line stop, Level scheduling, Continuous flow and Processing. The employment practices are: Continuous improvement, Single status facilities, Performance appraisal, Daily team briefings, Temporary contracts, Performance related pay, Company council, Cross training and group decision-making (Toyota annual report, 1998) Moreover, Toyota seeks to develop human resources through the activity of making things.Honorary Advisor Eiji Toyoda said that â€Å"†¦. Because people make our automobiles, nothing gets started until we train and educate our people†. As seen in these words, which were expressed by president of the company, Toyota believes that the development of human resources requires the handing down of values and perspectives. In conjunction with the geographic expansion of business and the growth of business areas, undertaking global actions for the development of human resources has become a priority issue.Toyota is building both tangible (a new learning facility) and intangible (course content) structures relating to team member development that ensures a secure and steady flow of qualified human resources to conduct Toyota's global business in the 21st century (Toyota global overview, 2000) * Fully Committed and Thorough Human Resources Development: Toyota conducts systematic company-wide and divisional training and assignments for training purposes with an emphasis on on-the-job training (OJT) to ensure that associates can fully utilize their abilities.Toyota has defined the required qualifications of â€Å"professional staff†1 for office and engineering positions, and â€Å"T shaped human resources’ who are able to perform day-to-day activities and expand their skills in technical positions. Company-wide training is conducted based on employee qualifications, as well as specialized training for individual divisions, language training, and special knowledge and skill training (Toyota’s sustainability Report, 2005)The basis for human resource development is putting the Toyota Way into practice. Toyota is working to develop human resources by seizing times of adversity as opportunities to learn, planning greater enhancement and reinforcement of educational programs based on the five Toyota Way keywords, and on-the-job training (OJT) essential to the progress and succession of building excellent products. (Source: http://www. toyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) Toyota Management Principles (TMP): Continuous Improvement * Challenge: The company form a long-term vision, meeting challenges with courage and creativity to realize our dreams * Kaizen: â€Å"Continuous Improvement†: They improve their business operations continuously, always driving for innovation and evolution. * Genchi Genbutsu: â€Å"Go and see for yourself† They go to the source to find the facts to make correct decisions, build consensus, and achieve their goals. * The Toyota Production System (TPS): + Jidoka: quality at the source + Kaizen: continuous improvement Heijunka: even flow + Kanban: pull system + Just-in-Time: minimal inventories + Work teams + Total Quality Management + Supplier Partnerships * Total Quality Management (TQM): Implementation of TQM has been promoted based on the philosophies of â€Å"Customer First,† â€Å"Continuous Kaizen† and â€Å"Total Participation. † In order to raise the awareness of TQM, several measures are taken to promote resolution, provide every employee working in Toyota's global organization with ideas for action to improve product and service quality, motivate people and revitalize the corporate structure. Source: http://www. toyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) * Employees Training Procedure: The purpose of training is to make sure that employees have the right skills and capabilities to identify and handle all situations they may encounter. Toyota is famous for its four-step cycle — plan/do/check /act. Company-Wide Training to Key principles of the Toyota Way support Professional Staff (Source: http://www. toyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) Outline of Training Programs (Source: http://www. oyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) * Rewards and recognition The purpose of any corporate reward process is to encourage and promote the right behaviours and to discourage the negative ones. It’s important for the reward process to involve the gathering of information about problems. It’s equally important to reward employees who are successful in getting executives to take immediate action on negative information (Toyota annual report, 2000) ( Source: http://www. toyota-global. com/company/profile/overview/) 2.Toyota’s human resource management problems: In the late of 2009, by the first of a series of highly publicized recalls of Toyota vehicles in the United States, Cole (2011) cited Toyota announced that it was recalling 3. 8 million U. S. vehi cles as potential problem in which poorly placed or incorrect floor mats under the driver's seat could lead to uncontrolled acceleration in a range of models. For manufacturing executives who have strived for decades to emulate Toyota, the mere suggestion that it had not only quality issues but also was a serious matter.Furthermore, Toyota said that it will close its New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated (NUMMI) plant in Fremont, California. NUMMI, opened in 1984 as a joint venture by Toyota and General Motors, currently employs about 5,400 workers all over the world (Kearney, 2009). Similarly, Byrne and O’Connor (2011) showed that Toyota Australia has threatened to end its manufacturing of cars in Australia, after workers went on strike against the company’s wage-cutting drive.Strikes were held on September 2, and September 15 and 16 in 2011, involving more than 3,000 workers at Toyota’s main plant at Altona, in Melbourne’s west, and hundreds more workers at its parts centres in Melbourne and Sydney. The Altona plant produces around 560 cars per day, with 70 percent of them exported, mainly to the Middle East. Toyota is demanding that workers accept a new enterprise agreement that entrenches real wage cuts over the next three years, with nominal wage increases of 1-2 percent now, 2. percent in April 2012, 3 percent in 2013 and 3. 5 percent in 2014. The official annual cost of living is currently 4. 5 percent (Petter, 2011) Moreover, Business Week  Magazine pointed out that employee errors were the root cause of Toyota issues and estimated that Toyota is losing $155 million per week as a result of their recent recall. Toyota had lost nearly $30 billion in stock valuation. The long-term impacts of the root causes that led to Toyota’s current situation could cost the company hundreds of billions of dollars.In addition, poor handling of the issue in the public eye has damaged the automaker’s brand reputation and c aused sales to decline to their lowest point in more than a decade (Hunter, 2010) Furthermore, According to Dr John Sullivan, who is a well-known thought leader in human resource a and professor of management at San Francisco State University, with case study â€Å"How Human resource caused Toyota crash† said that Toyota’s current predicament is a result of poorly designed practices and weak execution on the part of the human resource department (2010).This opinion was supported and confirmed by Hunter (2010) â€Å"†¦Toyota’s current predicament is a result of poorly designed practices and weak execution on the part of the human resource department†. IV. Discussions Although, Toyota is famous with the production system but when they apply this system in global, it is not mean that this system can work effectively in the same way (Sullivan, 2010).For instance, Toyota concentrates exclusively on the hard administration of a production system that produ ced vehicles to the customer’s order in Japan instead of the Western method of producing as many cars as possible as fast as possible, then trying to sell those cars to the customer (Smith et al, 2011).For instance, in response to the growth, Toyota had to delegate more design work to outside contract engineers with more than 1000 new engineers around the globe and take one new suppliers because the internal engineering resources and existing suppliers base could not keep up with the demands (Cole, 2011) It is obviously that the most important in Toyota problems is that the Toyota philosophy is so radical and requires such a change of management strategy that the change in the production process itself overshadows some even more fundamental differences between the drivers of performance in the Orient and in the West.For this reason when Toyota went into production in the West the emphasis was on the detail of the process, not on the people who carried out that process. Accord ing to Bob Nelson, the author of â€Å"Keeping Up In A Down Economy† told that: The average number of suggestions given by an American worker to improve the performance of Toyota company is 1. 1 per year. The same figure for a Japanese worker is 167 suggestions per year.This seems to indicate that there is a significant difference between the way that the Japanese worker feels about what he does and the way that the North American workers feel about what they do. In addition, when the new Toyota plants in the West or other countries were built they slavishly tried to copy the detail of the Toyota production system without understanding the difference between the ways that the workers in the East, compared to the West, felt about what they did.Today that difference is called engagement (Hunter, 2010). Employers in the West are becoming aware of the huge value that is realised when a workforce is engaged but, other than running surveys to find out how engaged, or not, their wor kforce is, very few understand that it is possible to create engagement in an otherwise unengaged workforce, and fewer know how to do it.The cars that Toyota recalled were all built in the West. Is it possible that the faults that caused the recalls did not occur in vehicles produced in the East because they were spotted and rectified by an â€Å"engaged† workforce, while in the West the â€Å"disengaged† workforce knew of the problems but never reported them to Toyota because Western managers do not know how to engage their workforces (Cole, 2011).According Sullivan (2010), in any situation where employees fail to perform as expected, investigators must determine if the human error could have been caused by factors beyond the employee’s control. Such external factors might include actions by senior management, lack of adequate information or job training, faulty inputs to the process, or rewards those intent actions not in line with documented goals.Therefore, if managers believe in accountability, they have to accept that human errors that lead to corporate catastrophes could be the result of faulty HR processes, most notably those related to acquiring, developing, motivating, and managing labour (Hunter, 2010) Furthermore, the mechanical failures were known to Toyota leaders long before corrective action was taken, and many close to the issue are indicating that the company took decisive action to hide the facts and distort the scope of the problem (Greto et el, 2010). When the organization disproportionately rewarded managers for ost-containment versus sustaining product quality, it created the incentive for everyone involved to ignore the facts and to deny that a problem existed. Employees who are well-trained and subject to balanced rewards and performance monitoring systems would not have allowed the situation to grow as it did. If the root cause of the problems Toyota is facing are failure by employees to make good decisions, confr ont negative news, and make a convincing business case for immediate action, then the HR processes that may have influenced those decisions must be examined.The HR processes that must at least be considered as suspect include rewards processes, training processes, performance management processes, and the hiring process (Sullivan, 2011) V. Recommendations: Toyota traditionally has ranked best in its relationship compared with other automakers. However, its ranking has fallen steadily from 2007 through 2010. The roof of Toyota’s recent quality problems, any thorough analysis would also need to acknowledge the role of the company’s centralized management structure (Cole, 2011).From previous parts of this report, there are some recommendations for this issue. The first recommendation is that Toyota should focus on training employees system because the purpose of training is to make sure that employees have the right skills and capabilities to identify and handle all situa tions they may encounter. Toyota is famous for its four-step cycle — plan/do/check/act, but with Toyota plants clearly the training among managers now needs to focus more on new engineers and general staffs.In addition, in an environment where safety is paramount, everyone should have been trained on the symptoms of â€Å"groupthink† and how to avoid the excess discounting or ignoring of negative external safety information (Cole, 2011). The Toyota managers should encourage employees to detect errors and propose solutions. The second recommendation is recruiting process. According to Kramar et al (2011), the purpose of great hiring is to bring on board top-performing individuals with the high level of skills and capabilities that are required to handle the most complex problems.Poorly designed recruiting and  assessment  elements can result in the hiring of individuals who sweep problems under the rug and who are not willing to stand up to management. Therefore, To yota should do not for the purpose of rapid development that ignores the evaluation stage of the recruitment processes otherwise Toyota should maintain the hiring procedures which ensure quality for human resource management.The company can adopt external or internal recruitment in order to looking for high quality employees (Robin et al, 2011) Another recommendation is performance management process. According to Sullivan (2010), the purpose of a performance management process is to periodically monitor or appraise performance, in order to identify problem behaviours before they get out of hand. Hence, The Toyota should check and ensure that the performance measurement system included performance factors to measure responsiveness to negative information.Furthermore, the Toyota’s Human Resource Department also need check or audit the performance appraisal , Performance planning and evaluation (PPE) systems, performance feedback, and performance monitoring process effectively in order to help employees identify, report and alerts errors to warn senior managers before minor problems got out of control (Krmar et al , 2011, p 475). For example, the company should base on performance appraisal to make administrative decisions such as salary administration (pay rises or bonuses), promotion, retention and termination, retrenchment and recognition of an individual's performance.Finally yet importantly, the recommendation is psychological contract. According to Rousseau (1989), the psychological contract is defined as an individual's beliefs about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that person and another party. In other word, a psychological contract emerges when one party believes that a promise of future return has been made, a contribution has been given and thus, an obligation has been created to provide future benefits.Many researchers illustrated that psychological contract has a huge impact to the performance of employees . As the results, Toyota should consider and ensure the conditions of wages, bonuses, compensation, and welfare as well as avoid violating the psychological contract with employees to create healthy environment workplace. Thus, the company can motivate their staffs make contributions to the success of the company. VI. Conclusion: Human resource management refer to the policies, practices, and systems that influence employees’ behaviour, attitudes and performance.Krmar et al, 2011 said that Human resource impacting the bottom line and customer’s satisfaction, diversity management, and the health and well- being of employees. Therefore, human resource managements is not only about the achievement organization’s goals but also employees health and well –being. It is important for any budding manager to remember that a happy employee is often a productive employee. Furthermore, according to Sullivan (2010), Toyota’s problems are not the result of a sin gle individual making an isolated mistake, but rather due to a companywide series of mistakes that are all related to each other.So many corporate functions were involved, including human resource management, customer service, government relations, vendor management and public relationship, that one cannot help but attribute the crash of Toyota to systemic management failure. As discussed above, employee errors in recruitment, selection, performance management, compensation and benefits, international human resource management and so on were the root cause of several mechanical and financial failures in Toyota automobiles (Cole, 2011).Therefore, to restore credibility, quality and brand, Toyota should not only focus on overcoming the technical problems but also need to review, correct remedy all the processes related to the creation of products that the most important factors is human resources management. To sum up, the key lesson is that others should learn from Toyota’s mi stakes is that HRM system needs to periodically test or audit each of the processes with considering all factors and fix problems as soon as possible otherwise it could allow this type of billion-dollar error to occur.References lists: 1/ The sources of Toyota issues: Byrne, P & O’Connor, P 2011, Toyota Australia executives threaten shutdown after strike, Word Socialist Web Site, http://www. wsws. org/articles/2011/sep2011/toyo-s20. shtml. Cole, R E, 2011, What really happend to Toyota, 01 June, http://hbr. org/product/what-really-happened-to-toyota/an/SMR395-PDF-ENG. Hunter, P 2010, Root cause of Toyota failure: Emplyee Engagement, Human